Harmonized comparison of virgin steel production using biomass with carbon capture and storage for negative emissions

A harmonized method was developed to assess CO2 mitigation performance and avoidance costs for different steel production routes, including blast furnace with oxygen (BOF), direct reduced iron (DRI) electric arc (EAF), Hisarna BOF. Mass energy balances were used evaluate each route's cradle-to-gate CO2eq emissions. Results indicate that using either capture storage (CCS) or biomass can reduce, but not eliminate, emissions in the sector. However, combination of CCS (BECCS) result CO2-neutral even CO2-negative steelmaking. The results show implementation BECCS is possible at an cost < 100 €/t CO2eq. combined carbon neutral electricity has a potential 107–139% 59–157 Reducing upstream could further improve these results. Biomass-DRI-EAF-CCS route highest (146%), while Biomass-Hisarna-BOF-CCS lowest (54 CO2eq). This study indicates methodology also be applied other industrial sectors screen portfolios options.